Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies REDES 2001 Research and Education in Defense and Security Studies May 22-25, 2001, Washington D.C. Panel on Media-Military Relations

By Everett Bauman E., U.S. Correspondent for El Universal Caracas, Venezuela Abstract

      The development of military/media relations in Venezuela has closely paralleled the political history of the country.  The Liberator, Simon Bolivar, was very aware of the need for close relations and personally penned statements for the infant press of the republic. However, the subsequent political chaos and military conflict during much of the l9th century severely limited the role of the media. It was not until the death of the last great caudillo, Juan Vicente Gomez in 1936, that the media acquired a moderate voice.  In the brief democracy that came with the 1945 revolution, civilian politicians—notably Romulo Betancourt—initiated a new policy of close media collaboration, but this was cut short with the military counter-revolution of 1948, lasting until 1958, when a joint civic-military movement unseated the last dictator, Perez Jiménez, and opened up a new period of military/press relations.  Major popular newspapers, however, were under strong communist influence and distrusted by the military for the nearly 35 years of functioning representative democracy, although younger officers themselves acquired liberal ideas as a result of the major emphasis given to education by the military authorities. Their group conducted several unsuccessful coups against a constitutional government which they and many Venezuelans regarded as increasingly corrupt, and unrepresentative. Their leader, Commandant Hugo Chavez, was jailed for several years but ran for the presidency in the election of l998 and won fairly.

      A new chapter is now being written as the new government of the charismatic ex-military president provokes and allows unprecedented press criticism but violently attacks and threatens it rhetorically with growing frequency.  The president has unsuccessfully sought to mount his own media machine but has failed to obtained credibility, although he is personally highly popular with the lower income population.  The Venezuelan Press Bloc has just brought a formal complaint before the Inter-American Press Association, which has been scorned by the president, who can claim with certain veracity that he has allowed media freedom.  The emboldened media has undoubtedly acted to criticize and probably check government excesses.  But will this uneasy situation persist?

Everett Bauman considera que a Chávez se lo cargarán después de Saddam.

Y eso Chávez lo sabe, por lo cual juega a la derrota de Bush en el Medio Oriente.

GUSTAVO GARCÍA SOUBLETTE

Me siento con derecho a glosar a Everett Bauman, periodista norteamericano que más sabe de lo que sobre Venezuela se piensa en la capital norteamericana, con acceso a los más altos niveles de Washington y, además, con un reconocido amor por Venezuela. En realidad, Baumen es venezolano. Tomó nuestra nacionalidad cuando sus hijos venezolanos le dieron nietos venezolanos y su esposa ya era una muy autorizada escritora en inglés especializada en la más amorosa descripción de la naturaleza y la sociedad venezolanas. Había llegado aquí antes de la Revolución de Octubre como corresponsal de United Press.

Uslar Pietri le menciona, en su relato de aquellos días, como periodista bien enterado de lo que estaba pasando. Betancourt le confía la traducción al inglés de su "Venezuela, Política y Petróleo". Con ochenta años sobre sus espaldas, Bauman hace periodismo en Washington y visita Venezuela dos veces al año, para revisar sus fuentes y comerse, no importa la fecha, un plato criollo en "El Portón".

Sus certeros análisis aparecen en "El Universal", y de vez en cuando, en "Zeta".

Consciente de la necesidad de ventilar la democracia venezolana asfixiada por la podredumbre de la IV República, él compartió una vez el criterio, enunciado por el embajador John Maisto y aceptado en Washington, de que en Chávez no había que mirar sus labios, sino sus manos. Como Washington, él ha cambiado de opinión. Hoy opina que "las manos de Chávez están haciendo lo que dijeron sus labios" -el crédito de esta frase hay que dárselo a la perspicaz embajadora Donna Hrinak.

Lo de Bauman no es opinión. Es información de periodista solvente. En legítimo ejercicio de mi antiquísima y estrecha amistad con él, pillo algunas de las frases contenidas en su crónica de ayer:

1. "El liderazgo estadounidense ha perdido todas sus ilusiones por la llamada revolución bolivariana proclamada por el presidente Hugo Chávez, y ahora lo considera a él y a su equipo casi como enemigos".
2. Recuerda que "...el flamante militar criollo contaba con cierta simpatía entre los funcionarios del Departamento de Estado y ciertos parlamentarios del Partido Demócrata". Pero hoy puede citar a un alto funcionario norteamericano que considera a Chávez "...otro caudillo ambicioso de poder... ideólogo capaz de revivir las gastadas teorías del marxismo y el fascismo y encabezar un movimiento mundial contra Estados Unidos y sus aliados occidentales". Según este funcionario, "Chávez comparte la ideas de Saddam Hussein y Fidel Castro de que Estados Unidos será derrotado y humillado en su intento por democratizar el Medio Oriente, y que la alianza occidental es un tigre de papel". (Ojo con lo de "un alto funcionario". Bauman no habla con pendejos. Ni en Washington ni aquí).
3. Pero hay más: "Ya el gobierno estadounidense, en su nivel más alto, está convencido de que Chávez presta ayuda a la guerrilla Colombiana".

Ahora bien... Sobre la pregunta (¿Cuando?) que atormenta al lector, ¿que dice Bauman?. A este humilde informador le refresca comprobar que ese maestro -Bauman- a quien ha venido escuchando desde que uno apenas tenía más de veinte años, relaciona la suerte de Chávez con la de Saddam. Todo depende de la agenda iraquí. "Es una ironía de la Historia -dice Bauman-, que el futuro de los países en el Nuevo Mundo está íntimamente ligado a lo que pasará en la cuna de la civilización, el Medio Oriente.

Aunque las probabilidades favorecen a Washington, hay que admitir que la Historia no está determinada por los hombres... Hay demasiados imponderables". Línea más arriba ha escrito que "Por el momento, no es intención de Washington provocar alguna crisis con Chávez. Tiene su plato lleno con Irak y Corea del Norte"... "Se podrá confrontar a Chávez en un momento más oportuno".

Lo cierto es que Chávez está condenado. Siempre lo estuvo. Como dijo

Uslar, en la que posiblemente fue su última frase sobre la política, su proyecto es inviable. Por lo menos en cierto modo, Chávez es lo que de él dice un funcionario norteamericano citado por Bauman, "un loco que desafortunadamente ha podido ganar control de su país". Este loco -digo yo- todavía hará grandes locuras. Pero Venezuela sobrevivirá a todas ellas y será un gran país. Un nuevo país.

Rafael Poleo también piensa que el golpe de gracia viene del norte...

Bauman lo ubica después de Saddam, algunos piensan que antes... La "lógica" dice que USA atacará a Irak con la seguridad del petróleo venezolano en plena producción. Dicen que Cisneros terminó de convencer a Bush, jugando golf en Dominicana. Colin Powell estaría encargado del mandado... PDVSA ya tiene inventariadas y localizadas en USA todas las partes y piezas de los equipos destruidos por los chavistas. Los norteamericanos suplirían todo inmediatamente, la reparación se haría por venezolanos calificados en tiempo record y la producción volvería a los niveles anteriores al paro. Hay queda el reto: ¿Antes, después o durante?

Cada día Chávez pierde mas terreno internacionalmente, los "países amigos" están muy enfadados, incluyendo a Lula y Gaviria. Chaderton acaba de regresar de Brasil derrotado, y es que insisten tercamente en ampliar la comisión de países amigos, lo que es un insulto para los actuales...[?] ...a esto se suman los discursos de Chávez, desempolvados de los años 60s, prometiendo "exportar" revoluciones por Latino América... Agréguenle la actitud triunfalista sobre el paro, el autismo ante las marchas, el Firmazo, los presos políticos, los asesinatos de militares y policías, el terrorismo sobre sedes diplomáticas y la amenaza del cierre de canales de TV... Casi nada...

Revisen las entregas de "Venezuela en Washington" de Sonia Schott en el website de Globovisión, es muy objetiva y puntual. Hay quienes toman la escena internacional como algo obvio o colateral, llegando a desdeñarla cuando no ofrece las evidencias que esperan. Eso no es recomendable.

Estamos cerca, el porcino ya tiene la soga sobre sí, lo sabe y chilla, sus propósitos ya están condenados a muerte, no hace falta halarle el rabo para que corra hacia adelante, él sabe que vendrá el palo y luego sangrará... Amanecerá y veremos.

Ya basta!

www.heritage.org by Stephen Johnson Backgrounder #1623 February 12, 2003 |  |

Venezuela is the world's fifth largest oil producer and normally provides 13 percent of U.S. petroleum imports, but the United States should not be so eager to open the spigot that it acquiesces to the consolidation of an emerging dictatorship or to prolonged turmoil there. Neither outcome will enhance stability in volatile South America or assure a steady supply of petroleum at a time when the United States is likely to engage in military action in Iraq.

The only way to rescue Venezuela's viability as an energy producer and trade partner is to help restore democracy by bringing sustained pressure on President Hugo Chávez to allow a peaceful, constitutional vote on his mandate and then supervise the resulting campaign and vote to safeguard political and civil liberties until the Venezuelan government is able to do so itself. So far, the Bush Administration has pursued this course.

More Than a Petrol Problem

For more than a year, this South American nation of 23 million has experienced increasing upheaval provoked by the dictatorial ways of its fiery, demagogic president Hugo Chávez. On December 2, 2002, business and labor leaders called a national work stoppage, hoping to pressure him into resigning. Some 35,000 workers walked out of the state oil monopoly PDVSA (Petróleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anónima), temporarily slowing production to a trickle.

The loss of 1.5 million barrels of imported heavy crude per day from December 2002 to January 2003 made headlines and helped push U.S. gasoline prices up 10 cents at the pump, but that is within the range of normal market fluctuations. Furthermore, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), of which Venezuela is a member, promised to increase output by about 1.5 million barrels per day. And after reportedly firing 5,000 striking oil workers and replacing some of them with loyalists, the government has managed to boost production to one-third of previous levels.

The real issue is what would happen if Venezuela's increasingly unpopular president tried to impose a dictatorship in order to stay in office. This would exacerbate the conflict, possibly even provoking a civil war. Possible scenarios include:

• Financial collapse affecting trade partners Venezuela once had the highest per capita income in South America and was the United States' 25th largest trading partner. Now its economy is beginning to look like Haiti's, having contracted 18 percent since Chávez took office in 1998 and threatening to implode as Argentina's did in 2001. This would harm trade partners already battered by a regional economic downturn and internal problems.1

Historically, the state has intervened in Venezuela's economy to a high degree, but in November 2001, Chávez introduced a package of 49 decrees to tighten control of various local industries and enable the government to confiscate "unused property." Meanwhile, anticipating the creation of a Cuban-style command economy, local and foreign investors began taking their money elsewhere. Since the December 2002 strike, shuttered Venezuelan businesses and industries have become vulnerable to nationalization. In 2002, Colombian exports to Venezuela totaled some $1.2 billion. For the moment, many exports cannot get past the border, and if they do, they may find fewer buyers.2

• Increased terrorist foothold in South America Disorder and dysfunctional government provide a welcome haven for criminals and terrorists. Last March, the Venezuelan army reported that more than 700 combatants of the Marxist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) had established camps in the western border states.3 If Chávez establishes a dictatorship, the FARC and other groups such as Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), with whom he is reportedly friendly, might find Venezuela an even more hospitable environment.4
• Refugee exodus Refugee outflows would impose hardships on neighboring countries and the United States. Colombia already has an internally displaced population of about 3 million, and Ecuadorans are leaving their country at a rate of about 250,000 per year to find work and escape invading Colombians. Anarchy or government crackdowns on civil liberties could provoke a Venezuelan exodus.
• Lagging recovery of oil production Without a satisfactory outcome to Venezuela's political troubles, experienced managers and skilled technicians at PDVSA may not return to work. And without their business expertise and engineering know-how, production and distribution may never return to previous levels. Although the government claims that operations are returning to normal, reports of spills, accidents, and lost capacity in older oil fields suggest disarray.5 For Venezuela to service its foreign debt, production needs to approach pre-strike levels.6

A Ruptured Consensus

Venezuela's crumbling state cannot be patched together overnight. For decades, Venezuelan leaders neglected citizen participation in government and shunned economic liberalization. Instead, they nationalized the country's oil industry to fund extravagant social spending while shielding the established business community behind convoluted regulations and weak rule of law. As the government piled up debt, the poverty rate increased from 27 percent in the 1980s to 60 percent in the 1990s.7

With Venezuela's political parties in disrepute, Chávez--a former coup plotter and cashiered army officer--was elected president in 1998 with a broad mandate to clean house. But instead of weeding out corruption or empowering the poor, he had the constitution rewritten to expand his powers, extend his term in office, and complicate any attempt to remove him from office. He diverted government funds to military cronies to buy loyalty and to organize armed, partisan militias called "Bolivarian Circles"--similar to Cuba's Revolutionary Defense Committees.

On April 11, 2002, spurred by his decrees curbing property rights and hobbling private enterprise, a group of dissident military officers and business leaders rebelled and temporarily removed Chávez from power. Since then, the breech between Chávez and his growing number of opponents has widened. Calling them "fascists" in public appearances, he has polarized society and made it clear that his presidency serves only himself and a declining number of supporters.

Struggle for Control

Since April 2002, Chávez has pursued a two-track strategy to maintain his hold on power. On the domestic front, he discarded initial promises of reconciliation in favor of bullying opponents and manipulating national institutions. In June, he began warning media owners of unspecified consequences if their outlets broadcast stories disrespectful of his government. In October, he appointed Lenín Ramírez Sánchez, brother of convicted terrorist Illich Ramírez Sánchez (Carlos the Jackal), as a director in the energy and mines ministry.

In November, Chávez ordered the military to seize control of the Caracas police force from Mayor Alfredo Peña, an outspoken opponent. The same month, he asked the National Assembly to modify the election law to remove the existing National Electoral Council, which seemed inclined to approve a petition signed by 2 million Venezuelans calling for a non-binding "consultative" referendum on his rule.8

In January 2003, troops led by National Guard General Luis Felipe Acosta Carles confiscated soft drinks and beer at bottling plants closed by striking workers outside Caracas. Although such beverages are not considered public necessities under Venezuela's "hoarding" law, General Acosta said he was acting on presidential orders to distribute them "because collective rights come above individual rights."9 Finally, having tired of negative publicity in the commercial media, Chávez introduced a new media law on January 23 that would permit the government to close independent TV and radio stations for broadcasting material that promotes "disrespect" for government authorities.10

On the international front, Chávez has tried to complicate outside efforts to promote reconciliation. In April 2002, the Organization of American States (OAS) Inter-American Commission on Human Rights asked the government to create a truth commission to look into killings during the uprising that ousted Chávez. To date, no such group exists. In June, Vice President José Vicente Rangel invited former U.S. President Jimmy Carter to chair talks between the administration and opponents, perhaps thinking that Carter--perceived as an international "boy scout"--would be easy to manipulate. Instead, Carter invited the OAS to join the dialogue and, to his credit, observed that Chávez showed little respect for Venezuela's existing institutions.11

By September, a tripartite negotiating mission had formed consisting of the OAS, the Carter Center, and the United Nations Development Program. In November, OAS Secretary General César Gaviria opened negotiations in Caracas, admonishing both sides to avoid recriminations. But in the collective mind of the opposition, reconciliation competed with the desire to force Chávez from office, no doubt inspired by the president's continued verbal attacks.

On January 21, 2003, Carter laid two options on the table: a constitutional amendment truncating the presidential and legislative terms to four years, which would necessitate new elections in the immediate future, and a binding recall vote in August according to the current charter. In the background, however, the Supreme Justice Tribunal unseated the members of the National Electoral Council, placing decisions on referenda and any constitutional changes in limbo.12

What Washington Should Do

As Venezuela's internal conflict draws on, U.S. policymakers might feel tempted to back a deal with Chávez that pays lip service to democracy in order to make peace--particularly in the interest of boosting oil exports. If that happened, Chávez could either consolidate his regime or lead the country further into anarchy--either way complicating energy and trade problems.13 By the same token, strong measures such as sanctions would focus the rage of both sides on the United States and be equally unproductive.

Instead, the United States and its democratic allies in the hemisphere should bring sustained pressure on Venezuela's president to agree on a peaceful, constitutional, democratic, and electoral solution and then help supervise the resulting campaign and vote through international observers to safeguard political and civil liberties in the absence of official will to do so. A stable, democratic Venezuela would be a more prosperous trade partner, a more reliable energy supplier, and a peaceful, responsible neighbor.

For now, the Bush Administration is on the right track. After a public relations misstep last April in commenting prematurely on Chávez's ouster, the Administration has quietly supported the tripartite mission to bring the Venezuelan government and the country's democratic community to a common understanding. In January 2003, U.S. and Brazilian diplomacy helped organize a "group of friends of Venezuela" that includes foreign ministers from Mexico, Chile, Spain, and Portugal as interested observers in ongoing talks.14 These observers will help to hold Chávez accountable for his promises and give hope to Venezuela's beleaguered democrats.

But more needs to be done. To help restore democratic governance and a viable economy in Venezuela, Washington should:

• Continue to declare the obvious Venezuela's democracy is broken according to the standards of the OAS Inter-American Democratic Charter. Opponents charge that Chávez has violated 91 articles of the Bolivarian Constitution and the Democratic Charter 39 times. Although it has been stated in OAS reports and declarations, the United States and the OAS should restate this fact to keep ongoing negotiations in perspective.
• Increase pressure for a lawful, democratic solution President Carter's two proposals were among many considered by Chávez's opponents. Putting them on the table galvanized negotiating parties to act on them. Both proposals have distinct advantages and risks, but once an agreement is reached, facilitators and outside observers should encourage all parties to follow the agreement. The Venezuelan government should not block public choice by trying to stack the National Electoral Council or through other anti-democratic means; nor should opponents sidetrack it with mob action to force the president's resignation.
• Protect civil liberties and democratic processes Negotiators must continue to urge all parties to respect civil liberties and fair campaign practices and allow international observation of the resulting campaign and vote. Specifically, the OAS and the Group of Friends should insist that all government-supported partisan groups such as the Bolivarian Circles be disarmed and dismantled. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights should continue to push for the creation of a truth commission and, along with other observers, monitor the critical phases of any developing solution to help safeguard civil liberties.
• Urge the democratic opposition to develop a national reform plan Venezuela must solve its root problems of weak political institutions, inadequate separation of powers, an over-regulated economy, and dependence on state oil. While Chávez delivers a toxic form of the welfare-state policies Venezuelan leaders have implemented in the past, his democratic opponents have yet to formulate a blueprint to address the problems that led to the current crisis. Even without Chávez, Venezuela will remain unstable unless it makes its political system more representative and accountable and restructures the economy to promote private enterprise and investment.
• Increase intelligence collection The Bush Administration should boost efforts to gather information about Cuban agents working in Chávez's government, the training and strength of all armed bands, and the activities of outside groups such as the FARC that could further destabilize Venezuela or pose a regional terrorist threat.
• Stay engaged The U.S. should work through the Group of Friends and support the OAS facilitators. The U.S. Congress should increase visits with its counterparts in the National Assembly, encouraging them to curb executive branch excesses through proper oversight. International organizations supported by the U.S. National Endowment for Democracy (NED) should continue to advise the full spectrum of Venezuela's political parties, civic groups, and unions.

Conclusion

Compared to Iraq's Saddam Hussein or North Korea's Kim Jong-il, Hugo Chávez may seem like a minor nuisance, but he admires those men and could become more like them as time goes by. Decrying capitalism and freedom of choice as "fascist neoliberalism," his demagogic speeches resonate with growing numbers of poor in Latin America who have lost hope in the slow evolution of democracy and market economies. The chaos he has inspired in Venezuela could further depress commerce in the hemisphere and destabilize neighbors. Because of him, one of the world's most important petroleum producers faces prolonged turmoil and mismanagement under a budding dictator.

To avoid dependence on unstable regimes for critical resources, the U.S. should facilitate exploration elsewhere in the Caribbean Basin and in Alaska and welcome market-developed technologies that are less dependent on finite resources. Meanwhile, by increasing international pressure on Venezuela's president to agree to a constitutional, democratic decision on the future of his country with outside scrutiny to safeguard the process, the United States can help restore stability to this important energy producer and ally. Moreover, it can help the people of Venezuela retake their government, open up their economy, and work for the kind of prosperity that has so far eluded them.

Stephen Johnson is Senior Policy Analyst for Latin America in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies at The Heritage Foundation.

1. Andy Webb-Vidal, "Venezuela Economy `Faces Greatest Collapse,'" Financial Times, January 14, 2003.

2. "Colombia's Usual Exports to Venezuela Still Shut Out," Dow Jones Business News, January 20, 2003.

3. Javier Ignacio Mayorca, "740 de las FARC en Venezuela," Venezuela Ana lít ica, March 11, 2002, at www.analitica.com/va/vpi/5521076.asp (April 1, 2002).

4. Other groups could be welcome as well. Chávez was the first democratically elected leader to visit Saddam Hussein since Iraq invaded Kuwait. Moreover, Chávez's former personal pilot, Major Juan Díaz, charges that after September 11, 2001, Chávez sent funds to Afghanistan's Taliban government and to the terrorist Al-Qaeda group under the guise of aid to Afghan refugees. See Casto Ocando, "Organismo demanda a Chávez en Miami," El Nuevo Herald, January 30, 2003, at www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/americas/5060974.htm (January 31, 2003).

5. Francis Robles, "Oil Accidents Mount in Venezuela: Novice Stand-Ins Blamed for Chaos," The Miami Herald, January 21, 2003, at www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/4993381.htm (January 28, 2003).

6. Some Venezuelan business leaders believe that Chávez might consider the "unthinkable," selling off oil company assets, including a major stake in PDVSA, to foreign investors to isolate PDVSA from local politics. Royalties would still go to the government, workers might be less inclined to strike, and oil-consuming nations like the United States might be less concerned with whether Chávez stays or goes.

7. "Venezuela tuvo el mayor aumento de la pobreza en la región," Agence France-Presse, in El Nacional, June 20, 2001, at www.el-nacional.com/eln20062001/pe8sl.htm (June 20, 2001).

8. The Electoral Court in the Supreme Justice Tribunal, dominated by Chávez sympathizers, later ruled that the referendum could not take place because the existing Electoral Council was not named by the current National Assembly. A magistrate in the Constitutional Court in the same Tribunal now says the Electoral Court exceeded its authority. See Irma Alvarez and Juan Francisco Alonso, "Sala Constitucional debe poner orden," El Universal, January 29, 2003, at www.eluniversal.com/2003/01/29/29104AA.shtml (January 29, 2003).

9. Patrick Markey, "Venezuelan Troops Seize Coca-Cola Affiliate Plant," Reuters, January 17, 2003.

10. Penalties include a two-day shutdown of outlets disseminating disrespectful content and an indefinite suspension of the operator's license if more than two infractions occur within a three-year period. See "Proyecto de Ley Sobre La Responsabilidad Social en Radio y Televisión," introduced in the National Assembly, January 23, 2003, Gaceta Oficial, at www.eluniversal.com/especiales/leytvradio/pagina.shtml (January 28, 2003).

11. Everett Bauman, "Nunca vi un país tan dividido," El Universal, July 22, 2002, at www.eluniversal.com/2002/07/22/22108CC.shtml (July 22, 2002).

12. The tripartite negotiating mission maintains that an independent judiciary and a credible elections council are crucial to a democratic solution to Venezuela's political crisis. See Christopher Toothaker, "Delegation Wraps Up Mediation Mission," Associated Press, September 19, 2002.

13. Attending the World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, on January 26, President Chávez declared, "I've saved my rifle, and I don't want to take it out. But I've kept it and if the oligarchies don't accept changes peacefully, like Che Guevara said, sounds of combat and bursts of machinegun fire will thunder." Alberto Garrido, "Tiempo Real," El Universal, January 28, 2003.

14. Chávez wanted to add other countries to the group, including China, Russia, France, and Cuba. On January 15, Brazilian President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva told him he would not support expansion. On January 28, the French government declared its support for the tripartite mission and freedom of the press. See "Venezuela: Lula no quiere más `amigos,'" BBC Mundo.com, January 18, 2003, at news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_2672000/2672281.stm (January 30, 2003), and "Francia ofrece respaldo a propuestas de Carter," El Universal, January 28, 2003, at www.eluniversal.com/2003/01/28/28107OO.shtml (January 28, 2003).