Year after brief coup, Venezuela in turmoil
Boston.com-Associated Press By Jorge Rueda, Associated Press, 4/12/2003
CARACAS -- A year after soldiers temporarily ousted President Hugo Chavez, Venezuelans find themselves steeped in economic crisis, bitterly divided, and with Chavez's hold on power stronger than ever.
''I know it's a contradiction, but the coup, and Chavez's return -- even if things are worse now -- renewed my faith that we can develop our democracy,'' said Jesus Mendoza, a 45-year-old businessman who says he is opposed to Chavez.
Most Latin American governments condemned the April 12-14, 2002, ouster of Chavez. The leftist former army paratrooper led a failed 1992 coup, was jailed for two years, and then was elected president in 1998 on a platform that criticized Venezuela's corrupt democratic system.
Chavez was arrested in the early hours of April 12 -- military commanders said he resigned -- after 19 people died the day before during an opposition march to the presidential palace. Videotape shows gunmen firing recklessly into the crowd. The march occurred after opposition labor and business leaders called a general strike to denounce what they called Chavez's Cuba-style economic policies. Both pro- and anti-Chavez supporters died that day. But under a Venezuelan justice system subject both to Chavez's influence and its own institutional corruption, no one has been convicted in the slayings.
An interim government led by Pedro Carmona, head of Venezuela's leading business chamber, dissolved Congress, the courts, and the constitution -- angering hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans, who took to the streets to demand Chavez's return.
A loyalist army general sent his troops to a Caribbean island where Chavez was being held and brought him back to the presidential palace in triumph.
Once restored, a seemingly chastened Chavez called for reconciliation among Venezuelans. Soon, however, he saw conspiracies everywhere and moved to crush them. He purged the military of dissidents. He has repeatedly assailed the private sector, opposition political parties, the news media, labor unions, and the Catholic Church, repeatedly calling them ''terrorists.'' In November, his government agreed to talks with the opposition, mediated by the Organization of American States. In principle, the two sides have agreed that a popular referendum on Chavez's presidency may be held halfway into his current term, which ends in 2007. But no formal pacts have been reached, and no single opposition candidate has emerged.
In December and January, Chavez weathered a devastating two-month general strike, one called by business and labor to demand that he resign. The strike failed, though it briefly crippled Venezuela's crucial oil industry and left the economy in ruins.
Many analysts and citizens wearily cite Venezuela's paradox: a state of permanent conflict under Chavez that has rendered the nation virtually ungovernable and a lack of immediate alternatives to his populist, authoritarian tendencies.