Brazil's Lula, A challenge to Washington?
Spotlight By Roger Burbach* 29 October 2002
Elected in a landslide victory with over 61 per cent of the vote, Luis Inacio Lula da Silva will become president of Latin America's largest country, with 175 million inhabitants, on 1 January 2002. Lula, as he is commonly known, received three million more votes for president than George W. Bush did in the United States in 2000.
Leonardo Boff, a progressive theologian in Brazil, declares that Lula's triumph "represents the victory of a project from below, one of the poor". Lula's first act as president-elect was to create the Secretariat for Social Emergencies. Its primary responsibility is to end hunger and malnutrition among more than 20 million Brazilians. "If at the end of my presidential mandate every Brazilian has three meals a day then I will have realized my life's mission," Lula proclaimed.
This was Lula's fourth run for president. In this campaign he abandoned much of the leftist platform of previous campaigns, forging an alliance with more centrist political forces. This shift is symbolized by his choice of vice-president, Jose Alencar, who is Brazil's largest textile magnate and a leader of the centrist Liberal party. Alencar declares that the alliance is the product of a "novel political society", reflecting a new social pact, "where Lula represents labour and I represent capital". Asked why he accepted the position of vice-president, Alencar said: "In the history of civilization labour came first, and then capital. And also in my personal history... [I]t was labour that built my capital."
But it is an open question whether the United States and international bankers will adopt as enlightened a position as Alencar. Brazil has a public debt of 240 billion US dollars, the largest in Latin America. In the run up to the election on 27 October, foreign capital began to flee Brazil, leading to a depreciation of the country's currency, the Real, by over 40 per cent. Much of Lula's campaign questioned the free trade policies launched under the "Washington Consensus" during Ronald Reagan's administration in the 1980s. The consensus has meant not only the opening of Latin American markets to US trade, but also the privatization of state enterprises and the slashing of social spending in health and education.
According to a Brazilian financial advisory firm, ABM Consulting, the 10 largest banks in Brazil, including Citibank and BankBoston, earned returns of 22 per cent on their holdings in Brazil in 2001 compared to 12 per cent on a global level. George Soros, a forward-thinking international financier with significant holdings in Brazil, declares: "The system has broken down," it "does not provide an adequate flow of capital to countries [like Brazil] that need it and qualify for it."
The Bush administration, in its initial response to Lula's victory, declared that it "looks forward to working productively with Brazil". But, even before Lula's victory, the US under secretary of the treasury, Kenneth Dam, stated, "we have a contingency plan" if Brazil declares a moratorium on its international debt.
Dam provided no details, but the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the leading financial institution backing the position of Washington, moved to lock the future government of Brazil into an economic straightjacket when it lent 30 billion US dollars to the outgoing government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso, in an attempt to prop up the Real. Only 6 billion US dollars will actually be spent under Cardoso, while the remainder will be released to the incoming government if it has a budget surplus of 3.5 per cent. No government in South America has achieved such a surplus in recent years.
Right-wing pundits and policy strategists in the United States have already begun to criticize the Lula government. Constantine Menges, a Senior Fellow of the Hudson Institute who served as the Latin American adviser in the National Security Council under Ronald Reagan, recently released a study entitled "A strategic warning: Brazil". In it, he decries the "Castro-Chavez-Lula axis", referring to Fidel Castro of Cuba and populist President Hugo Chavez of Venezuela. Menges argues that these countries are "capable of pushing other South American countries to the left and establishing a dangerous alliance with communist China, as well as with Iran and Iraq, two terrorist countries". This would constitute a gigantic "South American left bloc", which would have a domino effect in countries like Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Argentina.
While Lula certainly is not intent on provoking the United States by consorting with Iraq, he is looking to other Latin American countries to strengthen an independent economic stance and to expand regional trade agreements. His first international trip will be to Argentina, which has defaulted on its international debt and is Brazil's leading partner in the regional trade bloc known as Mercosur.
Lula has made it clear that he will not support the trade initiative of the Bush administration, the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), unless the United States abandons trade policies that discriminate against Brazil. Among other provisions, the FTAA advocated by the United States envisions the protection of Florida orange juice interests and Midwest soybean producers along with US steel exporters. Brazil is the world's largest exporter of orange juice, a leading exporter of soybeans and also exports large quantities of steel. (Interestingly, Lula began working in the metallurgical industry when he was just 14 years old.)
If there is one position Lula consistently articulated in this presidential campaign, it was his call for "expanding Brazil's productive capacity". In his last presidential debate with Jose Serra, who represented the outgoing government, Lula stated: "Brazil is a great country. It has enormous resources that we have not even begun to turn to the benefit of our people." The day after his election Lula proclaimed that budgetary restrictions would not prevent him "from expanding social programmes", decreasing unemployment and "expanding educational opportunities for Brazil's poorest".
*Roger Burbach is co-editor, with Ben Clarke, of September 11 and the US War (City Lights, 2002), and author of the forthcoming book The Pinochet Affair: Globalizing Human Rights. He is director of the Center for the Study of the Americas (CENSA) in Berkeley, California, USA.