By Robert Locke FrontPageMagazine.com | January 27, 2003

A Dialogue Concerning War With Iraq

Following is the transcript – minimally adapted for intelligibility – of an e-mail dialogue I recently had with an editor at a conservative publication that opposes the contemplated war with Iraq. I am publishing it because I think it makes clear the logic of this dispute among conservatives and because it shows that the anti-war position, though not totally devoid of rational arguments, is still mistaken.

Anti-War Editor: If we do not aggressively threaten Saddam, there is no reason for him to attack us. His past record shows he is deterrable.

Robert Locke:

1. Saddam's past record provides only probabilistic evidence of his likely future behavior. It does not provide a guarantee. No-one on our side is saying there is proof he will attack America or our allies, only that there is an unacceptable risk that he will.

2. If we delay, he can build up his forces in secret until it is too late. His neighbors will conclude they can't rely on us and had better surrender while there is still a good price available for doing so.

3. May I remind you that if we don't disarm SH and he gets the war he says he really wants, Israel may just nuke him? If we don't keep things in order in the region, someone else may, and it may be a very ugly picture.

4. His repeatedly stated designs to destroy Israel, which follow no realpolitik logic, prove he is not vicious-but-logical as you say.

Anti-War Editor: But the past is the best indicator we have to go on, and from it we can infer a very high probability that he is deterrable. What makes you think SH has changed his character? Your side has produced no evidence that the risk has become "unacceptable." That is certainly not the opinion of the CIA. For them, the risk only becomes unacceptable if we first attack SH.

Robert Locke: I do not assign high credibility to the CIA after its string of failures. The objective risk remains as long as the objective WMD capability remains and the regime remains a tyranny.

Anti-War Editor: If you do not trust the CIA, what reliable source are you getting your information from (Ahmad Chalabi?) or is it all just speculation? For this concrete situation, you have provided zero evidence. It is all just a priori deductive reasoning from disputable premises.

Robert Locke: The question at hand does not turn on specific details. My premises may be disputable, but all this means is, as I said, that we confront a probabilistic threat and not a certain one. "Deductive" is not a valid pejorative without a demonstration of a flaw in the logic. My reasoning is based on 2,500 years of history concerning the behavior of tyrants, and is therefore not a priori.

Anti-War Editor: Think also of the unintended consequences throughout the Arab & Muslim worlds, both in terms of numbers of new al-Qaeda recruits and friendly secular governments that could fall.

Robert Locke: On the contrary: these people respect force, and an ideology of holy war like Nazism or jihad is only attractive as long as people think they are on the winning side.

Anti-War Editor: Our deterrent threat remains credible. If Saddam had attacked us / supported an attack on us / clearly planned to attack us, there would be unanimity of opinion on the question of whether to strike him. And we would. He knows this.

Robert Locke: Deterrence only works if the threat is credible. If SH sees our current attempt to discipline him subverted by the American far Left and far Right, we can no longer credibly threaten him.

Anti-War Editor: As it is, what are we disciplining him for? He had no role in 9/11, has never given weapons to terrorists, and shows no signs of doing so or of using them himself on us unless we first provoke him to the extreme.

Robert Locke: We are disciplining him for being a tyrant with WMD, and to set an example that will prevent others from trying.

Anti-War Editor: Why is he even a concern when there are so many obviously greater threats in the world? Is it precisely because he is weaker than they are?

Robert Locke: I am well aware that the rogue-state WMD disaster we all fear may not come from Iraq and it may not come in 5 years or 10. It may come in 30 years and the perpetrator may be an Islamist Tanzania or a Marxist Venezuela. But if rogue states are not systematically disarmed, it will come one day and

5,000,000 - 50,000,000 people will die. The sooner a rigorous program of forcible disarmament is established, the sooner they all get the message and give it up.

Anti-War Editor: Starting from your premise, we would be forcing them together by our belligerence toward Saddam Hussein. We would have made ourselves that common enemy. Rather than create a self-fulfilling prophesy, is it not better to stop threatening Iraq, which otherwise would have no reason to attack us or join up with al-Qaeda?

Robert Locke: Made ourselves their common enemy? We already are.

Anti-War Editor: By your thinking, Saddam should have given al-Qaeda weapons of mass destruction during the 1990’s. There are good reasons why Saddam wouldn't give al-Qaeda his worst weapons even if they did ally for pragmatic reasons.

Robert Locke: The argument that SH would never arm al-Q. & Co. because they hate each other is historical puppysh*t. All it takes to get people who hate each other to cooperate is a common enemy. Observe the US-USSR alliance in WWII and many others.

Anti-War Editor: You assume that Saddam is a would-be aggressor seeking to dominate the region, but the historical evidence does not bear this out, and you have not explained why you think he has changed. Even the Kuwaiti & Iranian invasions were not mindless aggression but were the fruit of realpolitik considerations.

Robert Locke: The fact that he may try to take over the Middle East in a rigorously logical way does not make this OK. You are making him out to be Bismarck, which is ridiculous.

Anti-War Editor: He has never started an open war with Israel, which he knows he would lose. That is evidence of rational calculation. He launched Scuds during the Gulf War in the hope of encouraging a response and breaking the coalition against him. This also shows realistic thinking.

I do not doubt the neocons perceive an Iraqi threat to Israel, and SH has expressed a desire to destroy her, but Israeli & American deterrence has contained that threat. That is realism. In the rational / irrational equation, having the desire to destroy Israel is not as significant as his failure to act on it.

Robert Locke: Then why do certain elements constantly say and imply that Jewish neocons are trying to drag us into a war for the benefit of Israel, if this war is of no benefit to her because aimed at an enemy she has well in hand?

Anti-War Editor: This is just a canard. When people say neocons, they mean neocons, not Jews. Of course Israel would benefit from an American victory over Iraq. I do not dispute Israel's nervousness about Iraq and that she would feel more comfortable without this enemy there (deterrence is naturally tense and never foolproof), especially if we did the fighting. Life was easier for us after the Soviet Union went down, even though we had deterred each other.

Now look – North Korea has already beaten us at the game you want to play: forcible disarming of rogue states. How do you propose to disarm her? Whatever we do with Iraq, North Korea will always provide a counter-example to small rogue states. Our double standard between Iraq, which is weak, and North Korea, which is strong, is obvious. Others will do as she did, not disarm themselves out of fear, but on the contrary: ramp up production and perhaps even ally with others so as to provide a deterrent to an American attack.

Robert Locke: Let's debate North Korean policy some other time. We’ve essentially handed it over to South Korea because South Korea is a reputable democratic country now and if they have a certain way they want to do it, we may think it unwise but it’s their problem. Their "sunshine policy" of appeasement is stupid but if Koreans want to toy with the fate of their nation and possibly get nuked by appeasing a mad Marxist dictator, it’s their nation to toy with. They’re either going to be very lucky or learn a very hard lesson.

Anti-War Editor: By your criterion, we also need to disarm China, another tyranny with WMD, and Pakistan.

Robert Locke: As I explained in my article Conservative Doubts About Star Wars – which came out before 9/11 by the way – China is susceptible to classic Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) deterrence in a way Iraq is not. If Pakistan ever turns against the US, I would favor her forcible disarmament should circumstances permit. I believe plans are already in place.

Anti-War Editor: Rogue states do respect force, but not in the way you suggest. At best, rogue states will take away from our differing treatment of Iraq and North Korea the message that America only disarms very weak states while letting stronger ones get away with it. What do you think they will do in consequence? We can't disarm everyone at once.

Robert Locke: This undercuts your own deterrence argument. If we leave them alone, they arm because we do nothing. If we pressure them, they arm to escape our pressure. Therefore deterrence won't work, because it is always either too strong or too weak. From this it follows the only policy we can use is forcible disarmament.

Anti-War Editor: Even if one accepts that rogue states will arm themselves with weapons of mass destruction just as quickly absent pressure from America, my deterrence argument is not undercut. Strictly speaking, deterrence applies to use, not possession.

Robert Locke: What on earth do they want to "possess" them for, other than to use them? If they possess them, it’s a threat, which as I said creates a risk, which we cannot accept. It’s still all about risk.

Anti-War Editor: If we corner Saddam Hussein by invading Iraq, he would have nothing to lose by going out with a bang and unleashing biological or other weapons on us: either against our forces in Iraq or against the US domestically.

Robert Locke: If your thesis is true, then the United States, and indeed all great powers, have no choice but to tolerate any threatening nation prepared to mouth the magic words:

"If you bring us down, we will unleash biological weapons."

This would prevent us from taking any measures to forestall adversaries before they become powerful enough to impose their will on us. It is a license for permanent international chaos that will only get worse as more thugs figure out how to play the game. It means we’ve already lost and might as well just give them whatever they want. This is precisely why we must pre-empt these capabilities.

End of e-mail exchange.

The fundamental problem with the conservative case against the war is that deterrence, while not a completely empty concept, is not enough when dealing with an iterative threat. It would be one thing to reduce the threat of an attack by Iraq to trivially-low levels by means of deterrence, but Iraq isn’t the only case affected by what we do to Iraq. If we let Iraq pass, this means failing to establish the ironclad precedent that the United States will not allow rogue states to acquire weapons of mass destruction. This means that they will do so, over and over again into the future. And if the dice are rolled an indefinite number of times, sooner or later they will come up snake-eyes and 5,000,000 people will die in an afternoon.

Robert Locke is an associate editor of www.frontpagemag.com. He can be contacted at robertlocke@cspc.org.

www.smh.com.au January 27 2003

US Secretary of State Colin Powell accused Saddam Hussein today of having clear links with the al-Qaeda network, in an address to the World Economic Forum in Washington. And he said the US had a sovereign right to attack Iraq for failing to account for weapons of mass destruction.

"The more we wait, the more chance there is for this dictator with clear ties to terrorist groups including al-Qaeda to pass a weapon, share technology or use these weapons again," he said.

The US Secretary of State did not elaborate on the issue or provide any details on a connection between Iraq and Osama bin Laden's network in his address, which focused on Iraq's weapons program.

"The nexus of tyrants and terror, of terrorists and weapons of mass terror, is the greatest danger of our age," Powell warned.

In the speech, Powell stepped up pressure on Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein, saying Iraq had not complied with a UN resolution demanding that Baghdad expose and dismantle any nuclear, chemical or biological weapons.

He warned that the US was prepared to take military action against Iraq on its own if it did not comply now.

His comments came as the newspaper of Iraq's ruling Baath party today advised the Iraqi people to be prepared for martyrdom in the event of a US-led invasion.

Babil newspaper, run by President Saddam Hussein's eldest son, Uday, claimed the Iraqi people and their armed forces were prepared to die for a "just cause" and warned of heavy casualties for an invading force.

US and British soldiers would face the choice of "withdrawing from the battlefield or returning home in bodybags", the newspaper predicted.

The paper said Iraqis should be prepared for great sacrifices to defend "their dignity, independence and security".

In his address, Powell said: "We continue to reserve our sovereign right to take military action on Iraq alone or in a coalition of the willing," Powell told the gathering of global political and business leaders in the Swiss ski resort of Davos.

"This is not about (UN weapons) inspectors finding smoking guns. It is about Iraq's failure to tell the inspectors where to find its weapons of mass terror."

"There's no indication whatever that Iraq has made the strategic decision to come clean and comply with its international obligations to disarm."

Debates at the week-long forum on global economic and political problems have been overshadowed by the threat of a US-led war on Iraq and the political and economic damage it could create.

Powell's hard-hitting comments today provoked criticism from Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and Amnesty International, pessimism from King Abdullah II of Jordan and praise from US businessmen.

"Conflicts should be solved politically and within the United Nations," insisted Lula, at the start of much-awaited speech on a "fairer world economic order".

"We are looking for peaceful solutions to international conflict. Peace is not only a moral objective, it is a rational one," he said.

But Jordan's King Abdullah II later said in Davos he believed it was now too late to find a peaceful outcome to the crisis between the US and Iraq.

And the head of rights group Amnesty International, Irene Khan, warned "military action could easily precipitate a ... humanitarian nightmare".

"It's too late for a diplomatic solution. It will be very difficult to find dialogue, a peaceful solution to the crisis," King Abdullah said.

"Whatever happens, I hope it is as quick and painless as possible."

Powell's speech met with a standing ovation from the first 10 rows of his audience, which were packed with US politicians and executives. The rest of the large conference hall stayed seated.

The extent to which Iraq dominated proceedings in Davos sparked irritation from the chairman of Unilever, Niall FitzGerald.

"Iraq will come and it will go. Trade will be with us for ever," he told a meeting on the forthcoming Cancun round of world trade liberalisation negotiations.

Brazil's culture minister, singer-songwriter Gilberto Gil, told reporters he hoped next year's Davos forum would be free of war and could concentrate on solutions to the "crisis in the European model, the American model and the weakened United Nations".

On the US threat to attack Iraq, said: "It's an isolationist position which many countries are complaining about."

AFP and DPA

www.hindustantimes.com Agence France-Presse London, January 24

Opposed to what they call the "tyrant" Saddam Hussein and an Anglo-American "dictatorship," a dedicated group of 60 volunteers say they are ready to put their lives on the line to save Iraqi civilians.

The group leaves London on Saturday, heading overland for Iraq's capital Baghdad where they intend to act as "human shields" against possible military strikes.

Steven Alan, 31, from Edinburgh, said he is going because he would rather die striving for a peaceful cause than "to have a long life without any purpose at all, centred around fear."

Two double-decker buses, a taxi-cab and another bus will leave London's City Hall mid-afternoon on Saturday, and are due to arrive in Baghdad on February 8, according to the HumanShield organization, which has been planning the operation for a month.

"I think most people are getting tired of British and American leaders whose agenda is all about imposing their superiority and their dictatorship," Alan, a computer programmer, told AFP.

Convinced that the risk is worth taking, he asks: "If not you, who? If not now, when?"

It's a point of view shared by Grace Trevett, 45, who lives with her 21-year-old daughter in Stroud, central England.

"I'm doing this to drive home the point that my life is equal to that of an Iraqi civilian," said Trevett.

"In order to make that point properly, I have to be prepared to die for my principles," she said.

Ube Evans, 50, employed by the Welshpool theatre in Wales, said that, like the others, he made his decision after listening to the man who launched the human shield operation, Ken O'Keefe, a former US Marine who fought in the 1991 Gulf War.

"I believe the proposed war is more to do with oil and America's need for oil," said Evans. Iraq has the world's second largest known oil reserves after Saudi Arabia.

O'Keefe, who has renounced his US citizenship in protest of US foreign policy, said: "The aim is to stop that war which is going to kill thousands of innocent people."

Sue Darling, a 60-year-old pensioner living in south London, served as a British diplomat in numerous countries from 1965 till 1988.

"I was appalled at the policy the British government is following which is for me illegal, immoral and irrational," she said. "A pre-emptive strike against someone you consider might be a threat is not acceptable."

All the potential human shields took pains to stress that they do not support president Saddam who, in Evans's words, is a "tyrant."

On January 8, Deputy Prime Minister Tareq Aziz indicated that the door was opened for human shields -- a move immediately denounced by the Pentagon as deliberate recruitment.

A third of those wanting to be human shields are British, organiser Stefan Simanowitz told AFP. The others come from Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Spain, Belgium, even Brazil.

Organisers hope to recruit other volunteers on their route which takes them on Sunday to Paris and then Geneva, Zurich, Milan, Belgrade, Sofia, Istanbul, Ankara, Damascus, Amman before arriving in Baghdad.

The human shields would then be distributed to schools, hospitals and health centres in the Iraqi capital.

According to Simanowitz, the US is set on war, whether or not the UN agrees: "We anticipate a war and want to put pressure on the US administration before the war", he said.